Tag: 1644

Confession and Politics in the Principality of Transylvania 1644-1657 (Refo500 Academic Studies)


Free Download Confession and Politics in the Principality of Transylvania 1644-1657 (Refo500 Academic Studies) By Gabor Karman
2020 | 302 Pages | ISBN: 3525540795 | PDF | 4 MB
‘Confession and Politics in the Principality of Transylvania’ is a survey of the changing role the confessional element played in that country’s foreign policy. Though its rulers consistently supported the Protestant cause during the Thirty Years’ War, this East Central European principality has traditionally been understood as a counterexample to the confessionalisation thesis. Here, the evolution of the foreign policy of Princes Gyorgy RAkczi I and Gyorgy RAkczi II is presented alongside the argumentation they used to justify their political action before and after the Peace of Westphalia. This dual focus makes it possible to identify the changes in the function of confessional cooperation in the princes’ policies, as it lost its primary position and was transformed from an end in itself into a complementary means of justification. This book charts Transylvania’s foreign policy by examining its princes’ interactions with three main sets of contacts: leaders in the Kingdom of Hungary, protagonists of the ongoing crisis in Poland-Lithuania, and members of Western European Protestant networks. Based on a large number of published and archival sources, this book offers a novel interpretation of mid-seventeenth-century Transylvanian foreign policy and its intellectual background.

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Ming China, 1368-1644 A Concise History of a Resilient Empire


Free Download Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire By John W. Dardess
2011 | 172 Pages | ISBN: 1442204907 | PDF | 2 MB
This engaging, deeply informed book provides the first concise history of one of China’s most important eras. Leading scholar John W. Dardess offers a thematically organized political, social, and economic exploration of China from 1368 to 1644. He examines how the Ming dynasty was able to endure for 276 years, illuminating Ming foreign relations and border control, the lives and careers of its sixteen emperors, its system of governance and the kinds of people who served it, its great class of literati, and finally the mass outlawry that, in unhappy conjunction with the Manchu invasions from outside, ended the once-mighty dynasty in the mid-seventeenth century. The Ming witnessed the beginning of China’s contact with the West, and its story will fascinate all readers interested in global as well as Asian history.

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