Tag: Atoms

Free Download The Physics of Atoms and Quanta: Introduction to Experiments and Theory by Hermann Haken , Hans Christoph Wolf
English | PDF | 1994 | 477 Pages | ISBN : 3642975690 | 43.9 MB
This fourth edition contains a few additional figures. Otherwise only typographical er rors have been removed. The final chapter on Fundamentals of the Quantum Theory of Chemical Bonding is continued in an extended way in the textbook Molecular Physics and Elements of Quantum Chemistry by the same authors. This book contains, in particular, a profound presentation of group theory as applied to atoms and molecules. Furthermore, the in teraction between atoms and molecules and light is treated in detail. We thank again Springer-Verlag, in particular Dr. H.1. Kblsch and Mr. C.-D. Bachem for their excellent cooperation as always, and Prof. W. D. Brewer for his con tinuous support in translating our German text. Stuttgart, February 1994 H. Haken H. C. Wolf Preface to the Third Edition The second edition of this book again enjoyed a very positive reception from both uni versity teachers and students. In this edition we have removed all of the typographical errors that came to our attention. In order to keep the book as current as possible, new developments in the direct observation of individual atoms in electromagnetic traps (Paul traps) and of atoms in molecules on solid surfaces using the scanning tunnel microscope have been added to this edition.

Free Download Order and Disorder in the World of Atoms by A. I. Kitaigorodskiy
English | PDF | 1967 | 143 Pages | ISBN : 0387900047 | 14 MB
Our main aim is to examine whether the atoms and molecules constituting the world around us are distributed in space in a random and disordered fashion, like pebbles on the beach, or in an ordered pattern like the cells of a honeycomb. However, it is often impossible to make such a clear-cut distinction, and it is better not to use "order" and "disorder" as absolute terms but to speak instead of a "degree of order" and a "degree of disorder. " These concepts are fairly new in science. Up to about 20-30 years ago it was still believed (and in fact this belief can still be en countered today) that certain states of matter – such as gases, liquids, and amorphous solids – were characterized by a totally disordered distribution of the constituent particles, whilst crys tals, by contrast, exhibited perfectly ordered lattices. According to the present view, on the other hand, order and disorder often coexist inseparably from each other, though there are admittedly many cases in which "order" or "disorder" does describe quite accurately tbe actual state of affairs. Symptoms of disorder have recently been found in seemingly perfectly regular molecular structures, and symptoms of order in seemingly perfectly chaotic aggregations of particles. These dis coveries led to the formulation of new and important laws cor relating the structure of substances with their properties, and to tIlt’ explanation of many phenomena in terms of changes in the degree of order.

Free Download Excitation of Atoms and Broadening of Spectral Lines by Igor I. Sobel’man , Leonid A. Vainshtein , Evgenii A. Yukov
English | PDF | 1995 | 320 Pages | ISBN : 3540586865 | 22.8 MB
Excitation of Atoms and Broadening of Spectral Lines povides a survey of elementary processes and mechanisms. It presents useful and relatively simple methods of approximation for calculating effective cross sections, giving a number of approximate formulas. Extensive tables list cross sections and rate coefficients for various atoms and elementary processes. The tables of cross sections were recalculated using an updated version of the computer code ATOM. Some material reflecting the recent progress in the field has been added to this new printing.

Free Download Electron Correlations in Solids, Molecules, and Atoms by Jozef T. Devreese, Fons Brosens
English | PDF | 1983 | 439 Pages | ISBN : 0306410273 | 45.3 MB
From July 20 till 31, 1981, the Advanced Study Institute on "Electron Correlations in Solids, Molecules and Atoms", sponsored by NATO, was held at the University of Antwerpen (U.I.A.), in the Conference Center Corsendonk. In the last few years, the problem of many-electron correlations has gained renewed attention, due to recent experimental and theoretic al developments. From the theoretical point of view, more sophisticated treatments of the homogeneous electron gas model evolved, including dynamical aspects of the electron correlation in the dielectric response. Furthermore, the homogeneous electron gas, which served as a model for simple metals, was extended to include spin- and charge-density waves and phasons. The concept of elementary excitations too was introduced not only in perfectly ordered metallic crystals, but also in magnetic alloys, in liquid metals and alloys, in semiconductors, and even in molecules and atoms. Fairly accurate quantitative calculations of these effects recently became possible, ranging from plasmon frequencies in atoms, over dielectric response of semiconduc tors and resistivity in magnetic alloys to electron-hole liquids and their phase separation. The recent technological evolution allowed for more accurate measurements in previously unaccessible domains, e.g. X-ray scatter ing and fast electron energy loss at large wavevector. Moreover, these new developments opened new perspectives in physics, accompany ing or even introducing the new concepts which also evolved in the theory.

Free Download Atoms in Strong Magnetic Fields: Quantum Mechanical Treatment and Applications in Astrophysics and Quantum Chaos by Hanns Ruder , Günter Wunner , Heinz Herold , Florian Geyer
English | PDF | 1994 | 314 Pages | ISBN : 364278822X | 27.7 MB
In this book we summarize the essential results of our efforts over the years to calculate energies, wave functions, and electromagnetic transitions of atoms as functions of the magnetic field strength from laboratory fields up to neutron star magnetic fields. Motivated by the observational evidence of huge magnetic 5 fields with strengths up to 10 T in the vicinity of white dwarf stars and of up 9 to 10 T in the vicinity of neutron stars the authors, together with coworkers and candidates for doctor and diploma degrees, have investigated this ,fasci nating quantum mechanical problem more or less continuously since 1978. The extensive tables and figures in the appendices represent the most complete data set to date in this field of research. For practical use all numbers are available by "anonymous ftp" over Internet. The first direct measurement of a neutron star magnetic field by Trum per and his group, who observed a cyclotron feature at about 50 ke V in the spectrum of the X-ray pulsar Hercules X-I corresponding to a field strength of 8 several 10 T, stimulated investigations of atoms within the framework of the adiabatic approximation, which is well justified for such field strengths. This method and its results are discussed in Chaps. 3, 5, and 6.

Free Download Atoms in Plasmas by Valery S. Lisitsa
English | PDF | 1994 | 312 Pages | ISBN : 3642787282 | 39.5 MB
Atoms in Plasmas is concerned with radiative-collisional phenomena in neutral and ionized gases. Central to the studies is a "perturbed atom" that is an atom under the influence of different perturbations in plasmas, namely by electrical and magnetic fields, fields of plasma oscillations, laser and Planck-radiation fields, collisions with excited particles, stochastic accelerations, etc. The treatment covers fundamental aspects of modern physics, such as atomic quantum mechanics and quantum optics, radiation and collisional processes in plasmas and gases, nonlinear laser spectroscopy, plasma diagnostics, etc.

Free Download Benjamin J. Fuentes, "Optical Lattices: Structures, Atoms and Solitons "
English | ISBN: 1613249373 | 2012 | 241 pages | PDF | 9 MB
An optical lattice is formed by the interference of counter-propagating laser beams, creating a spatially periodic polarization pattern. The resulting periodic potential may trap neutral atoms via the Stark shift. Atoms are cooled and congregate in the locations of potential minima. The resulting arrangement of trapped atoms resembles a crystal lattice. This book presents current research from across the globe in the study of optical lattices, including optical lattices prepared by laser treatment on polymers, peculiarities of magnetooptical properties in crystals with mixed valence centers; the interplay of optical lattices with localized nonlinearity and matter wave dark solitons in optical superlattices..

Free Download Fundamentals of Laser Spectroscopy for Atoms and Diatomic Molecules
English | 2025 | ISBN: 1108837921 | 429 Pages | PDF | 6 MB
For the engineer or scientist using spectroscopic laser diagnostics to investigate gas-phase media or plasmas, this book is an excellent resource for gaining a deeper understanding of the physics of radiative transitions. While a background in quantum mechanics is beneficial, the book presents a comprehensive review of the relevant aspects, extensively covering atomic and molecular structure alongside radiative transitions. The author employs effective Hamiltonians and Hund’s case (a) basis wavefunctions to develop the energy level structure of diatomic molecules. These techniques also form the basis for treating radiative transitions in diatomic molecules. Recent advancements in quantum chemistry, enabling readers to calculate absolute single-photon and Raman transition strengths, are also presented. Illustrated with detailed example calculations of molecular structure and transition rates, this self-contained reference for spectroscopic data analysis will appeal to professionals in mechanical, aerospace, and chemical engineering, and in applied physics and chemistry.

Free Download Structure and Dynamics of Atoms and Molecules: Conceptual Trends By R. Lefebvre (auth.), J. L. Calais, E. S. Kryachko (eds.)
1995 | 262 Pages | ISBN: 9401041164 | PDF | 18 MB
The rivers run into the sea, yet the sea is not full Ecclesiastes What is quantum chemistry? The straightforward answer is that it is what quan tum chemists do. But it must be admitted, that in contrast to physicists and chemists, "quantum chemists" seem to be a rather ill-defined category of scientists. Quantum chemists are more or less physicists (basically theoreticians), more or less chemists, and by and large, computationists. But first and foremost, we, quantum chemists, are conscious beings. We may safely guess that quantum chemistry was one of the first areas in the natural sciences to lie on the boundaries of many disciplines. We may certainly claim that quantum chemists were the first to use computers for really large scale calculations. The scope of the problems which quantum chemistry wishes to answer and which, by its unique nature, only quantum chemistry can answer is growing daily. Retrospectively we may guess that many of those problems meet a daily need, or are say, technical in some sense. The rest are fundamental or conceptual. The daily life of most quantum chemists is usually filled with grasping the more or less technical problems. But it is at least as important to devote some time to the other kind of problems whose solution will open up new perspectives for both quantum chemistry itself and for the natural sciences in general.

Free Download Excitation of Atoms and Broadening of Spectral Lines By Professor Dr. Igor I. Sobel’man, Professor Leonid A. Vainshtein, Dr. Evgenii A. Yukov (auth.)
1995 | 310 Pages | ISBN: 3540586865 | PDF | 7 MB
Excitation of Atoms and Broadening of Spectral Lines povides a survey of elementary processes and mechanisms. It presents useful and relatively simple methods of approximation for calculating effective cross sections, giving a number of approximate formulas. Extensive tables list cross sections and rate coefficients for various atoms and elementary processes. For this second edition several sections and formulas have been revised substantially. The tables of cross sections have been recalculated using the updated version of the computer code ATOM. Some material reflecting the recent progress in the field has been added.