Tag: Models

December 21, 2024

Causal Models How People Think about the World and Its Alternatives

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Free Download Steven Sloman, "Causal Models: How People Think about the World and Its Alternatives"
English | 2005 | pages: 218 | ISBN: 0195183118, 0195394291 | PDF | 2,2 mb
Human beings are active agents who can think. To understand how thought serves action requires understanding how people conceive of the relation between cause and effect, between action and outcome. In cognitive terms, how do people construct and reason with the causal models we use to represent our world? A revolution is occurring in how statisticians, philosophers, and computer scientists answer this question. Those fields have ushered in new insights about causal models by thinking about how to represent causal structure mathematically, in a framework that uses graphs and probability theory to develop what are called causal Bayesian networks. The framework starts with the idea that the purpose of causal structure is to understand and predict the effects of intervention. How does intervening on one thing affect other things? This is not a question merely about probability (or logic), but about action. The framework offers a new understanding of mind: Thought is about the effects of intervention and cognition is thus intimately tied to actions that take place either in the actual physical world or in imagination, in counterfactual worlds. The book offers a conceptual introduction to the key mathematical ideas, presenting them in a non-technical way, focusing on the intuitions rather than the theorems. It tries to show why the ideas are important to understanding how people explain things and why thinking not only about the world as it is but the world as it could be is so central to human action. The book reviews the role of causality, causal models, and intervention in the basic human cognitive functions: decision making, reasoning, judgment, categorization, inductive inference, language, and learning. In short, the book offers a discussion about how people think, talk, learn, and explain things in causal terms, in terms of action and manipulation.

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December 20, 2024

Scenarios Models, Transformations and Tools International Workshop, Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, September 7-12, 2003, Revised S

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Free Download Scenarios: Models, Transformations and Tools: International Workshop, Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, September 7-12, 2003, Revised Selected Papers By Øystein Haugen, Knut Eilif Husa, Ragnhild Kobro Runde, Ketil Stølen (auth.), Stefan Leue, Tarja Johanna Systä (eds.)
2005 | 279 Pages | ISBN: 3540261893 | PDF | 4 MB
Visual notations and languages continue to play a pivotal role ˆ in the design of complex software systems. In many cases visual notations are used to – scribe usage or interaction scenarios of software systems or their components. While representing scenarios using a visual notation is not the only possibility, a vast majority of scenario description languages is visual. Scenarios are used in telecommunications as Message Sequence Charts, in object-oriented system design as Sequence Diagrams, in reverse engineering as execution traces, and in requirements engineering as, for example, Use Case Maps or Life Sequence Charts. These techniques are used to capture requirements, to capture use cases in system documentation, to specify test cases, or to visualize runs of existing systems. They are often employed to represent concurrent systems that int- act via message passing or method invocation. In telecommunications, for more than 15 years the International Telecommunication Union has standardized the Message Sequence Charts (MSCs) notation in its recommendation Z. 120. More recently, with the emergence of UML as a predominant software design meth- ology, there has been special interest in the development of the sequence d- gram notation. As a result, the most recent version, 2. 0, of UML encompasses the Message Sequence Chart notation, including its hierarchical modeling f- tures. Other scenario-?avored diagrams in UML 2. 0 include activity diagrams and timing diagrams.

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December 20, 2024

Methods and Models in Transport and Telecommunications Cross Atlantic Perspectives

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Free Download Methods and Models in Transport and Telecommunications: Cross Atlantic Perspectives By Professor Dr. Aura Reggiani (auth.), Professor Dr. Aura Reggiani, Professor Dr. Laurie A. Schintler (eds.)
2005 | 364 Pages | ISBN: 3540258590 | PDF | 4 MB
One aspect of the new economy is a transition to a networked society, and the emergence of a highly interconnected, interdependent and complex system of networks to move people, goods and information. An example of this is the in creasing reliance of networked systems (e. g. , air transportation networks, electric power grid, maritime transport, etc. ) on telecommunications and information in frastructure. Many of the networks that evolved today have an added complexity in that they have both a spatial structure – i. e. , they are located in physical space but also an a spatial dimension brought on largely by their dependence on infor mation technology. They are also often just one component of a larger system of geographically integrated and overlapping networks operating at different spatial levels. An understanding of these complexities is imperative for the design of plans and policies that can be used to optimize the efficiency, performance and safety of transportation, telecommunications and other networked systems. In one sense, technological advances along with economic forces that encourage the clustering of activities in space to reduce transaction costs have led to more efficient network structures. At the same time the very properties that make these networks more ef ficient have also put them at a greater risk for becoming disconnected or signifi cantly disruptedwh en super connected nodes are removed either intentionally or through a targeted attack.

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December 16, 2024

Statistical Network Analysis Models, Issues, and New Directions ICML 2006 Workshop on Statistical Network Analysis, Pittsburg

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Free Download Statistical Network Analysis: Models, Issues, and New Directions: ICML 2006 Workshop on Statistical Network Analysis, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, June 29, 2006, Revised Selected Papers By Aaron Clauset, Cristopher Moore, Mark E. J. Newman (auth.), Edoardo Airoldi, David M. Blei, Stephen E. Fienberg, Anna Goldenberg, Eric P. Xing, Alice X. Zheng (eds.)
2007 | 200 Pages | ISBN: 3540731326 | PDF | 7 MB
This volume was prepared to share with a larger audience the exciting ideas and work presented at an ICML 2006 workshop of the same title. Network models have a long history. Sociologists and statisticians made major advances in the 1970s and 1980s, culminating in part with a number of substantial databases and the class of exponential random graph models and related methods in the early 1990s. Physicists and computer scientists came to this domain cons- erably later, but they enriched the array of models and approaches and began to tackle much larger networks and more complex forms of data. Our goal in organ- ing the workshop was to encourage a dialog among people coming from di?erent disciplinary perspectives and with di?erent methods, models, and tools. Both the workshop and the editing of the proceedings was a truly colla- rative e?ort on behalf of all six editors, but three in particular deserve special recognition. Anna Goldenberg and Alice Zheng were the driving force behind the entire enterprise and Edo Airoldi assisted on a number of the more important arrangements.

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